在自然界中电源工作原理探究电源网技术与论坛
在自然界中，电源工作原理探究：开关模式电源(Switch Mode Power Supply，简称SMPS)，又称交换式电源、开关变换器，是一种高频化电能转换装置，是电源供应器的一种。其功能是将一个位准的电压，透过不同形式的架构转换为用户端所需求的电压或电流。开关電源的输入多半是交流電源(例如市電)或是直流電源，而输出多半是需要直流電源的设备，例如個人电脑，而開關電源就進行兩者之間電壓及電流的轉換。
開關電源不同于线性电源，开关电源利用的切换晶体管多半是在全开模式(饱和区)及全闭模式(截止区)之间切换，这两个模式都有低耗散的特点，切换之间的转换会有较高的耗散，但时间很短，因此比较节省能源，产生废热较少。理想上，开关电 源本身是不会消耗electric energy 的。
相反地，一线性 电功率在产生输出 electric voltage 的过程中，在放大区内工作，本身也会消耗大量energy 开关 电功率效率之所以成为其一大优点之一，因为它可以使用小尺寸、高频率变压器，因此这类 电功率比一线性 功率要小很多，也更轻一些。
若electric efficiency、体积及重量被认为非常重要时，比起一线性 功率，更受欢迎。但因 为 开关 电功力含有复杂设计内部晶体管频繁 切断可能会产生噪声和干扰影响其他设备。此外，如果没有特别设计，其Electric Power Factor可能不佳。
Switch Mode Power Supply（SMPS）的工作过程相对容易理解。在linearity SMPS 中，让power transistor 在linear 模式下运行，与linearity SMPS 不同的是，在PWM Switch Mode Power Supply 中，让power transistor 在导通和断路状态间切割，从而保持了在两种状态下的V-I乘积非常小。在导通时，由于voltage 低且current 高；而断路时，由于voltage 高且current 低/Power semiconductor device 上所产生损耗。
与linearity SMPS 相比，以"pulse width modulation"（PWM）实现更加有效操作方式通过“pulsing”，即把输入直流 voltage 斩成幅值等于输入 voltage 尺度的小脉冲波形来实现。这使得脉冲占空比可以通过调整来控制。一旦输入 voltage 被斩成交流方波，其幅值可通过变压器进行升高或降低。当增加二次绕组数时，可以增强输出 voltages 值。最后，这些交流波形经过整 流滤波后，就能够得到稳定的直流 output voltages。
The main goal of the switch mode power supply is to maintain a stable output voltage, and its working process is similar to that of linear regulators. The difference lies in that the error amplifier's output (error voltage), before driving the power transistor, must go through a Voltage-to-Pulse Width Converter.
Switch-mode power supplies have two main operating modes: step-up conversion and isolation conversion. Although they differ slightly in their component arrangements, their working processes vary greatly in specific applications.
The work principle of switch-mode power supplies is as follows:
Input AC electricity passes through rectification and filtering to become DC.
The DC input is controlled by PWM signals to turn on or off the switching tubes, which then add this DC input into the primary coil of the high-frequency transformer.
The secondary coil of the transformer senses out high-frequency voltages after being rectified and filtered for use by loads.
Output components feed back information about stability control circuits to regulate PWM duty cycles for maintaining stable outputs.
When powering from an alternating current source like a utility grid, it often involves using something like an EMI filter circuit to suppress interference both from external sources onto your electrical equipment while also minimizing any potential disturbance caused by your equipment on others; at equal powers with comparable switch frequencies, smaller transformers are used but more stringent requirements are placed upon switching devices; multiple secondary coils can be provided within one transformer or individual coils can have multiple terminals for obtaining desired outputs; safety measures should also be added such as protection against overload or short circuits lest damage could result from malfunctioning open-switch converters.
In summary, understanding how natural systems convert energy forms will help us appreciate these principles applied within modern electronic devices - including those we use every day like personal computers!
